Sejarah Komputer

Definisi

Komputer adalah mesin yang dapat diprogram untuk melakukan komputasi, menyimpan, dan memproses data. Dari sempoa sederhana hingga AI superkomputer.

Era

1. Kalkulator Mekanik (1642-1900)

• Blaise Pascal — Pascaline (1642)
• Gottfried Leibniz — Stepped Reckoner (1694)
• Charles Babbage — Difference Engine (1822), Analytical Engine (1837)
• Ada Lovelace — programmer pertama (1843)
• Herman Hollerith — tabulating machine (1890) → IBM

2. Komputer Elektronik Awal (1940-1955)

• ENIAC (1945) — 18.000 tabung vakum, 30 ton
• EDVAC, UNIVAC I (1951)
• John von Neumann — arsitektur stored-program (1945)
• Alan Turing — Turing Machine (1936), Colossus (1943)

3. Transistor & Integrated Circuit (1947-1970)

• Transistor di Bell Labs (1947) — Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley
• Integrated circuit — Kilby (Texas Instruments) 1958, Noyce (Fairchild) 1959
• IBM 360 (1964) — mainframe standar
• DEC PDP-8 (1965) — minicomputer

4. Personal Computer (1971-1995)

• Intel 4004 (1971) — first microprocessor
• Apple II (1977)
• IBM PC (1981)
• Macintosh (1984) — GUI
• Windows 3.1 (1992) — mainstream GUI

5. Internet & Multimedia (1995-2010)

• World Wide Web (1991)
• Google (1998)
• Broadband (2000+)
• YouTube (2005)
• Smartphone: iPhone (2007)

6. Mobile & Cloud (2010-2020)

• App economy
• AWS (2006+)
• SaaS (Salesforce, Google Docs)
• 4G, 5G
• AI/ML mainstream (2012+)

7. AI & Quantum (2020+)

• Deep learning mainstream
• LLM (2020+)
• Quantum computing: IBM Q, Google Sycamore
• AI accelerators: GPU, TPU, NPU

Generasi

1. Vacuum tubes (1940-1955)
2. Transistors (1955-1965)
3. Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
4. Microprocessors (1980+)
5. AI/Quantum (2020+)